{"id":8738,"date":"2024-11-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-25T06:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/bronze-vs-brass\/"},"modified":"2025-05-25T17:39:55","modified_gmt":"2025-05-25T22:39:55","slug":"bronze-vs-brass","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/bronze-vs-brass\/","title":{"rendered":"Bronze vs. Brass: A Comprehensive Guide for Signage"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bronze and brass are two of the most popularly used metals in the entire world. Their use throughout history for practical and aesthetic uses continues to persist. Even today, you can find bronze plaques or brass lettering in office buildings.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When it comes to bronze vs. brass, which is better? The differences between the two can change how your sign appears over the coming years. Impact Signs has been handcrafting bronze and brass signs since 1989, and we want you to be an informed decision-maker. Find out the differences between the two metals and how best to choose.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-bronze\"><strong>What is bronze?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bronze is a type of metal alloy typically consisting of 12% copper or tin but can also be made of other metals \u2014 like aluminum, zinc, or phosphorus \u2014 to change its properties. Its malleability and durability allowed it to be used for everything from architecture to weaponry. Its widespread use was so integral that The Bronze Age (~3000 – 1000 BC) was named after its continued use.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bronze-properties\"><strong>Bronze properties<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bronze\u2019s properties make it both beneficial and aesthetically pleasing for outdoor signage. These properties, such as its unique color and long-lasting capabilities, make bronze a suitable component in various applications.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That said, there are pros and cons of bronze to know about.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/pros-cons-bronze.png\" alt=\"List of pros and cons of bronze with an image of a bronze sign.\" class=\"wp-image-7271\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"durability-and-longevity\"><strong>Durability and longevity<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the reasons bronze is so popular is its strength and the amount of stress it can handle. It doesn\u2019t bend or break easily and is both fatigue and friction-resistant, meaning it can withstand repeated pressure and won\u2019t generate sparks when rubbed against other metals.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another aspect of bronze\u2019s durability is its ability to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/how-changes-in-temperature-can-affect-your-bronze-memorial-plaque-2\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">withstand extreme temperatures<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. When casting bronze, it\u2019s heated to between +500\u00ba \u2013 +750\u00ba. Doing so develops its strong and resistant nature.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simply put, bronze is an incredibly strong and hard metal that works for almost any application. It’s one of the reasons why it\u2019s lasted the test of time.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"weather-resistance\"><strong>Weather resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another large part of bronze\u2019s popularity is its weather-resistant properties. Due to its durability, bronze can withstand extreme temperature fluctuations. This means you can put bronze outside in extreme heat or cold, and you won\u2019t have to worry about it negatively affecting your plaque, sculpture, or building.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"corrosion-resistance\"><strong>Corrosion resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metals naturally deteriorate when exposed to chemicals or certain environments, such as salty water. Bronze, however, is incredibly corrosion-resistant, which is why its maritime applications are so popular. If you\u2019re planning to install an outdoor memorial plaque, bronze is a great choice as its corrosive-resistant nature reduces replacement costs, especially for any sign near the ocean.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While it is corrosion-resistant, bronze does develop a beautiful patina over time. The clear protective coating on a bronze plaque will eventually break down and the patina will develop, which adds character and timelessness to these plaques.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aesthetic-appeal\"><strong>Aesthetic appeal<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bronze has been a preferred material for plaques and statues throughout the centuries for two reasons. The first is because its strength and durability make it so the statues aren\u2019t likely to break. The second is because of a natural phenomenon that occurs over time: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/understanding-the-patina-on-bronze-plaques\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">patina<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/bronze-plaque-shield.jpg\" alt=\"A bronze plaque with a natural patina.\" class=\"wp-image-7267\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patina is a thin layer of green film that covers bronze or brass over time. It\u2019s naturally occurring and emphasizes the character of each bronze plaque, statue, or sign. It\u2019s a sought-after bronze feature, signifying a natural aging that enhances the quality and aesthetics of the metal.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s worth noting that bronze is heavier than other metals, so you have to be careful to install it correctly.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"maintenance-requirements\"><strong>Maintenance requirements<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although bronze is known to be strong, and its naturally occurring patina is often sought out for sculptures and plaques, some regular maintenance practices can help it keep its luster.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can remove the natural patina that may accumulate, but doing so incorrectly can permanently damage it. To clean bronze:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gently dust with a soft brush or microfiber cloth.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Use a sponge with mild soap and warm water to clean.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rinse with clean water.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dry with a clean microfiber cloth.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After cleaning your bronze item, it should look nice and clean. Some general maintenance tips to keep that bronze sheen looking timeless include:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid using any harsh chemicals.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Don\u2019t use any pressure washers on any bronze features, as they can damage the metal.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unless it’s a cooking utensil or instrument, try to avoid touching bronze pieces with bare hands as the dust and oils can cause damage.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Try to avoid excess moisture.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The U.S. General Services Administration also has some tips on <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gsa.gov\/real-estate\/historic-preservation\/historic-preservation-policy-tools\/preservation-tools-resources\/technical-procedures\/cleaning-and-polishing-bronze\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cleaning and polishing bronze<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. However, when it comes to bronze maintenance, a good rule of thumb is to keep it simple.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"uses-for-bronze\"><strong>Uses for bronze<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/etching-bronze\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bronze etchings<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have long been a favored form for signs and plaques, owing to their durability, elegance, and timeless appeal. Some of the more common uses for bronze signs include:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instruments<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artwork<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cookware<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utensils<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jewelry<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plaques<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/appropriate-uses-for-bronze-memorial-plaques\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Memorial Signs<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directional Markers<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/cast-bronze-letters\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Building\/Company Letterings<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dedication Signs<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Awards<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Addresses<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Donor Recognition<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Historical Markers<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Logo Signs<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bronze is an incredibly versatile metal, with applications being almost limitless, including for signs and signage.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"types-of-bronze-signs\"><strong>Types of bronze signs<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because of its durability and aesthetics, a popular use for bronze is signage. As technology has advanced, the types of bronze signs have evolved, and by merging traditional and modern etching and casting methods, you get the best of both worlds. Now, the types of bronze signs have increased, including:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cast Bronze Signs<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/etching-bronze\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Etched Bronze Signs<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bronze Markers<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/bronze-plaque\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bronze Plaques<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art Installations<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-brass\"><strong>What is brass<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brass is another popular metal that has a versatile amount of uses. It\u2019s similar to bronze, but instead of copper and tin, it\u2019s made of copper and zinc. However, brass that has more copper will have that classic gold shine while brass with more zinc will appear more silver.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like bronze, brass has been used throughout human history, dating back to 500 B.C. Its popularity has lasted, with its development becoming more refined and its uses still being applied today.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"brass-properties\"><strong>Brass properties<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similar to bronze, brass properties give the metal a wide range of uses, from instruments to the zippers on your pants, with many more uses in between due to its useful properties. As with anything, brass has pros and cons to consider.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/pros-cons-brass.jpg\" alt=\"A list of pros and cons of brass with an image of a brass sign.\" class=\"wp-image-7270\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"durability-and-longevity\"><strong>Durability and longevity<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because of its makeup, brass is a strong and durable metal that, with proper maintenance and care, some say could last forever. However, its malleability means it’s not as strong as bronze. Nevertheless, it can withstand a lot, including being thrown.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While it doesn\u2019t develop patina like bronze, it does discolor over time, turning black. For this reason, it\u2019s not used as much outdoors as bronze is.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"weather-resistance\"><strong>Weather resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similar to bronze, brass is also very weather-resistant and has been used for many outdoor applications. In fact, its weather resistance is one of the reasons that brass is a popular choice for doorknobs, as they won\u2019t become compromised when left outside of the elements.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"corrosion-resistance\"><strong>Corrosion resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brass is also resistant to corrosion, although it will tarnish and lose its luster if it isn\u2019t cared for, and isn\u2019t recommended for outdoor use. Some types of brass, depending on their makeup, are resistant to galvanic seawater corrosion, but submerging brass underwater indefinitely can cause it to lose its zinc component, reducing the structural integrity of the metal. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its corrosive-resistant abilities make it great for electrical connectors and even aviation. For signage, we recommend using brass for interior plaques.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aesthetic-appeal\"><strong>Aesthetic appeal<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brass naturally has a shiny, gold hue, an attractive feature that can be applied to anything worth showcasing, such as awards, picture frames, statues, and more. In fact, its pleasing looks and affordability make it a popular metal for jewelry.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When left outside in the elements, brass will turn darker and gain a bluish-green hue. This isn\u2019t rust but rather the patina that naturally forms, and it’s often a property of brass that many find aesthetically pleasing. In many museums, you\u2019ll find brass sculptures with a natural patina, proving its timeless attraction.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/brass-plaque-organ.jpg\" alt=\"A brass plaque commemorating the manufacturing of a pump organ in 1910.\" class=\"wp-image-7266\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"maintenance-requirements\"><strong>Maintenance requirements<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even though it is incredibly durable and long-lasting, brass does need to be maintained or else it can lose its natural finish and become tarnished. Less is more with brass when it comes to cleaning and maintaining. Simply use a soft brush to dust the brass item and then use mild soap and warm water with a soft rag to clean it.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"uses-for-brass\"><strong>Uses for brass<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brass has withstood the test of time with its properties and potential. As such, there are many uses for brass:&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Door Markers<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nameplates<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decorative Signs<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zippers<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doorknobs<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Signs<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instruments<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artwork<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"types-of-brass-signs\"><strong>Types of brass signs<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brass is a classic metal to use for signs because of its durability and weather resistance. Many types of signs include:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cast <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/brass-signs-and-logos\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">brass signs<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Etched brass signs<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brass plaques<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brass nameplates<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bronze-vs-brass-which-is-better\"><strong>Bronze vs. brass: which is better?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When it comes to bronze vs. brass, both are suitable for different applications. For example, bronze is preferred for outdoor plaques and signage, while brass is better suited for interior plaques and signage.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Things to consider when deciding between the two include:&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Budget<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Desired appearance<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aesthetics<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functional Requirements<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintenance upkeep and costs<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bronze is a better option with signs, as it can last longer both in the elements and aesthetically. However, if you choose a brass sign or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/brass-letters\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">brass letters<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, know that more maintenance may be required.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/bronze-vs-brass.png\" alt=\"Bronze vs brass table with images of bronze and brass letters.\" class=\"wp-image-7269\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"make-a-statement-with-bronze-or-brass-signage\"><strong>Make a statement with bronze or brass signage<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When all is said and done, there are benefits to both bronze and brass. Both are durable, weather-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and aesthetically pleasing, and they\u2019ll age like fine wine. We recommend using bronze for outdoor signage and brass for indoor.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you\u2019re looking to create a bronze or brass sign, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/quote\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">get a custom quote<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from Impact Signs. No matter your metal choice in signage, you\u2019ll receive a quality sign that\u2019ll have everything you\u2019re looking for right down to the detail!&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Compare bronze and brass like a signage pro. This guide highlights key differences in appearance, durability, and maintenance \u2014 helping you choose the right metal to match your project’s look, feel, and function.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":8744,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[710],"tags":[715,719],"class_list":["post-8738","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-architectural-signage","tag-plaques","tag-sign-letters","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-25","no-featured-image-padding","resize-featured-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8738","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8738"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8738\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8744"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8738"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8738"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.impactsigns.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8738"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}